Il soggetto: cos’è e che valore ha nella frase?
In grammatica il soggetto di una preposizione o frase, è l’elemento ossia la persona, l’animale o la cosa a cui si riferiscono l’azione, la condizione o il modo di essere indicati dal verbo. Per conoscere le diverse forme di soggetto: partitivo, mancante e sottinteso, clicca qui.
Frasi con il soggetto sono:
- Matteo ascolta la lezione: Matteo compie l’azione = ascoltare la lezione.
- Il cielo è nuvoloso: Il cielo ha una particolare caratteristica = è nuvoloso.
- Nel recinto ci sono i cavalli. I cavalli si trovano in un luogo = sono nel recinto.
- Le luci si riflettono sull’acqua: Le luci sono in una particolare condizione = si riflettono.
Di solito il soggetto è:
- colui che compie l’azione se il verbo è alla forma attiva;
- colui che subisce l’azione se il verbo è di forma passiva o riflessiva;
- esprime una condizione o afferma la propria esistenza se unito al verbo essere.

In grammatica il soggetto di una frase, è la persona, l’animale o la cosa a cui si riferiscono l’azione, la condizione o il modo di essere indicati dal verbo. Di solito il soggetto è: colui che compie l’azione se il verbo è alla forma attiva; colui che subisce l’azione se il verbo è di forma passiva o riflessiva; esprime una condizione o afferma la propria esistenza se unito al verbo essere.
Cosa può esser soggetto? Regole e consigli
Per riconoscere il soggetto di una frase, bisogna procedere verificando diversi fattori:
- riconoscere il predicato;
- se il predicato è attivo, bisogna porsi la domanda chi compie l’azione?
- se il predicato è passivo, porsi la domanda chi subisce l’azione?
- osservare se il presunto soggetto concorda in numero con il verbo e nel genere nel caso delle forme composte.
- ricordare che il soggetto non è mai preceduto da una preposizione, tranne che nel caso del soggetto partitivo.
- tra due parole che possono fungere da soggetto, lo sarà quello vicino al verbo.
Per riconoscere il soggetto bisogna quindi partire ad analizzare il predicato. In caso di incertezza prova a cambiare la parola che può sembrarti soggetto, passando da singolare a plurale o viceversa. Se cambia anche il verbo allora la parola è un soggetto.
Ecco degli esempi:
- La porta di casa mia era aperta.
- La porta era aperta. = singolare
- Le porte erano aperte. = plurale (modificando al plurale il nome si modifica anche il verbo, quindi la porta è soggetto).
Leggi anche: Le preposizioni: funzioni e forme
La posizione del soggetto nella frase
Solitamente il soggetto precede il suo predicato. In questo caso si dice che la frase ha una costruzione diretta.
- Tu verrai con me al supermercato.
- Il professore ha spiegato una lunga lezione.
- Questa notizia è meravigliosa.
A volte però il soggetto è posto dopo il proprio verbo, come in questi esempi:
- Al supermercato verrai anche tu.
- Ho fatto io questo maglione.
- È meravigliosa questa notizia.
In questi casi si parla di frasi con la costruzione inversa.
Questa costruzione della frase si usa di solito:
- per mettere in rilievo il soggetto (Pagheremo noi il conto.)
- nelle affermazioni che interrompono un dialogo o un discorso diretto (L’arrivo alla stazione -disse il ferroviere – è in ritardo di un’ora).

Solitamente il soggetto precede il suo predicato. In questo caso si dice che la frase ha una costruzione diretta come nella frase: Tu verrai con me al supermercato. A volte però il soggetto è posto dopo il proprio verbo, come in questo esempio: Al supermercato verrai anche tu. In questi casi si parla di frasi con la costruzione inversa. Questa costruzione della frase si usa di solito: per mettere in rilievo il soggetto. nelle affermazioni che interrompono un dialogo o un discorso diretto.
Leggi anche: Gli articoli: quali sono e come si usano nelle frasi
Concordanza tra soggetto e predicato
Il predicato verbale si accorda con il soggetto nel numero e nella persona.
Se il verbo è di forma composta è necessario considerare l’ausiliare.
- Con l’ausiliare avere il verbo si accorda con il soggetto nel numero e il participio passato resta invariato. Enza e Lucia hanno lavorato. (Il soggetto è plurale, l’ausiliare al plurale e il part.pass invariato).
- Con l’ausiliare essere invece si accorda con il soggetto anche il participio passato nel numero e nel genere.
Enza e Lucia sono state assunte in un’azienda. (Verbo passivo)
Enza e Lucia sono arrivate. (Verbo intransitivo).
Quando si produce un testo poi è importante rispettare con precisione l’accordo tra soggetto e predicato, soprattutto nei casi dove è possibile compiere errori. - Con un nome collettivo il verbo si esprime di norma al singolare. È corretto dire Una folla è in attesa e non Una folla sono in attesa.

Il predicato verbale si accorda con il soggetto nel numero e nella persona. Se il verbo è di forma composta è necessario considerare l’ausiliare. Con l’ausiliare avere il verbo si accorda con il soggetto nel numero e il participio passato resta invariato. Con l’ausiliare essere invece si accorda con il soggetto anche il participio passato nel numero e nel genere. Con un nome collettivo il verbo si esprime di norma al singolare.
- Il predicato deve accordarsi con il soggetto grammaticale e non con quello logico. Gli italiani sono un popolo socievole e non Gli italiani è un popolo socievole.
- Se i soggetti sono due o più, uniti dalla congiunzione e, il verbo va inserito al plurale. Il bambino e la mamma passeggiano.
- Se i soggetti sono due o più, separati dalla congiunzione o, il verbo va inserito al singolare. Il bambino o la mamma passeggia.
- Se il soggetto è accompagnato da un complemento introdotto dalla preposizione con (complemento di compagnia) il verbo si esprime al singolare. Tu con il cane non puoi entrare. (importanza del soggetto).
Leggi anche: Il nome: le parti del nome, il genere e il numero
Il complemento predicativo del soggetto: cos’è?
Oltre alle frasi semplici formate da soggetto e verbo come Il cane beve. ci sono frasi complesse, dove diversi elementi sono legati al soggetto stesso, come nella frase Il cane, il migliore amico dell’uomo, beve dalla ciotola.
In questo caso le forme che arricchiscono la frase prendono il nome di gruppo del soggetto, formato da nucleo, soggetto della frase e elementi accessori come aggettivi o complementi.
Di questi, i soli aggettivi che si riferiscono al soggetto completando il significato del soggetto formano il complemento predicativo del soggetto.
Al contrario il gruppo del predicato racchiude gli elementi che si riferiscono al predicato come come il complemento oggetto o il complemento di origine o provenienza.
Leggi anche: Locuzioni avverbiali: cosa sono e come si classificano
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