I verbi difettivi: definiamo i concetti
I verbi difettivi sono quei verbi che “difettano” cioè mancano di qualche modo, tempo o persona. Sono quindi verbi che non hanno una conigazione completa.
Di alcuni verbi difettivi si utilizzano solo poche persone e pochi tempi; altri verbi invece mancano soltanto di un modo.
Nelle forme mancanti, i verbi difettivi italiani possono essere sostituiti da un altro verbo di significato simile. Ad esempio il verbo solére nelle sue forme mancanti è sostituito dalla locuzione essere solito, che ha lo stesso significato. Quindi si dirà Tu suoli essere gentile; Tu sarai solito essere gentile; Tu sei stato solito essere gentile.
Quali sono i verbi difettivi più comuni?
Di seguito trovi l’elenco dei verbi difettivi più utilizzati. Di ciascuno di essi sono indicate le forme in uso o le espressioni verbali che si possono usare in sostituzione. Inoltre sono indicati anche i verbi senza participio passato e che quindi non si usano nelle forme composte.
- Addirsi (convenire, essere adatto) → Indic.pres.: si addice, si addicono / Ind.imperf.: si addiceva, si addicevano/ Cong.Pres.: che si addica, che si addicano / Cong.imperf.: che si addicesse, che si addicessero
- Fervere (essere acceso, essere in grande attività) → Indic. pres.: ferve, fervono. Ind.imperf.: ferveva, fervevano. Cong.pres. che io ferva, che tu ferva, che tu ferva. Cong.imperf.: che fervesse, che fervessero. Part.pres.: fervente (usato come aggettivo). Gerundio presente: fervendo
- Prudere (provocare prurito, pizzicare) → Sono in uso tutte le terze persone singolare e plurale di tutti i tempi semplici.
- Solere (essere solito) → Indic.pres.: io soglio, tu suoli. egli suole, noi sogliamo, voi solete, essi sogliono. Indic.imperf.: io solevo, tu solevi. Congiuntivo pres.: che io soglia, che tu soglia, che egli soglia, che noi sogliamo, che voi sogliate, che essi sogliano. Cong.imperf.: che io solessi, che tu solessi. Part. pass.: solito (usato come aggettivo). Gerundio presente: solendo.
- Urgere (essere urgente, premere) → Sono in uso le terze persone singolare e plurale dei tempi semplici.
- Vèrtere (riguardare, consistere) → Sono in uso le terze persone singolare e plurale dei tempi semplici.
- Vìgere (essere in vigore) → Sono in uso le terze persone singolare e plurale dei tempi semplici.
Verbi mancanti del participio passato: vi siete mai chiesti qual è il participio passato di splendere? O ancora il participio passato di soccombere? Questi come altri verbi mancano della forma al participio. Ecco la lista dei verbi difettivi di questo tempo:
concernere (riguardare, riferirsi a); convergere (dirigersi verso un unico punto); dirimere (risolvere, sciogliere una questione); discernere (distinguere, vedere chiaramente); esimere (liberare, esentare da un obbligo); indulgere (essere indulgente); splendere (brillare); stridere (produrre un suono forte e acuto)
Leggi anche: I verbi ausiliari essere e avere: come utilizzarli correttamente nelle frasi
I verbi sovrabbondanti: quali sono e come si formano
I verbi sovrabbondanti sono quelli identici nel significato, ma che appartengono a due diverse coniugazioni perché pur avendo la stessa radice hanno diverse desinenze. Erroneamente si crede che i verbi sovrabbondanti siano l’opposto dei difettivi, ma in realtà non è così, poiché non si ha una vera e propria “sovrabbondanza” di tempi e modi ma una comunanza riguardo alla radice o alla desinenza del verbo.
Ad esempio sono verbi italiani sovrabbondanti compiere/compire (Carlo compie/compisce sempre il proprio dovere), adempiere/adempire, annerare/annerire, dimagrare/dimagrire, intorbidare/intorbidire.

I verbi sovrabbondanti sono identici nel significato, ma appartengono a due diverse coniugazioni perché pur avendo la stessa radice hanno diverse desinenze. Ad esempio sono verbi sovrabbondanti, compiere/compire, adempiere/ adempire, annerare/annerire.
Leggi anche: Le diverse tipologie di verbi: copulativi, predicativi, servili, fraseologici e causativi
Cosa sono i falsi sovrabbondanti?
Dopo aver visto cosa sono i verbi sovrabbondanti e difettivi passiamo ad un’altra categoria di verbi che potrebbero sembrare sovrabbondanti ma che in realtà non lo sono: i falsi sovrabbondanti. Questi sono due verbi tra loro simili che in realtà appartengono a due coniugazioni diverse e hanno un diverso significato. Non sono quindi veri e propri sovrabbondanti ma due verbi completamente diversi l’uno dall’altro.
Eccone alcuni:
Leggi anche: La forma attiva, passiva, riflessiva e impersonale: definizioni ed esempi
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