Quali sono i verbi ausiliari? La differenza con il significato proprio
I verbi ausiliari sono quelli che oltre ad avere un significato proprio, servono d’aiuto (auxilium) ad altri verbi, per formare tempi composti o le forme del passivo. I principali verbi ausiliari sono il verbo essere e il verbo avere, che però come abbiamo detto possono avere anche un significato proprio, cioè non aiutano il verbo che segue e non ne seguono la sfera semantica.
- Sono uscito con Maria. (in questa frase il verbo essere è ausiliare perché aiuta un altro verbo)
- Sono un’insegnante. (in questa frase il verbo essere ha significato proprio e non accompagna nessun altro verbo).
Verbo essere ausiliare: quando utilizzarlo accanto ad altri verbi
L’ausiliare essere si unisce al participio passato di un verbo per formare i tempi composti e le forme passive di una serie di verbi. In particolare, come verbo ausiliare, il verbo essere si utilizza:
- come ausiliare di se stesso nei tempi composti: Siamo stati al mare ieri;
- con i verbi intransitivi, se indicano un movimento verso una meta: È corso a casa;
- nei tempi semplici e in quelli composti della forma passiva di tutti i verbi transitivi: È accompagnato da noi;
- per formare tempi composti della maggior parte dei verbi intransitivi: Siamo andati al mare;
- per formare i tempi composti dei verbi impersonali o usati in forma impersonale: L’anno scorso è piovuto o è nevicato a Natale?
- per formare i tempi composti dei verbi riflessivi: Mi sono lavato le mani dopo essere tornato a casa.
Leggi anche: I verbi difettivi e verbi sovrabbondanti: quali sono e come utilizzarli nelle frasi?
Verbo avere come ausiliare: quando va utilizzato?
Tra i verbi ausiliari il verbo avere si unisce al participio passato per formare i tempi composti di diversi verbi. In funzione di ausiliare avere si usa:
- come ausiliare di se stesso nei tempi composti: Avevamo avuto una buona idea;
- per formare i tempi composti di alcuni verbi intransitivi: Ha camminato; Ha dormito; Ha pianto;
- per formare i tempi composti di tutti i verbi transitivi: Abbiamo vinto una bella coppia;
- per formare i tempi composti di alcune espressioni impersonali, per esempio con il verbo fare: Ha fatto molto freddo in montagna.
Inoltre ricorda che come verbi ausiliari essere e avere possono essere usati anche con un significato proprio e da soli. In questo caso si dice siano utilizzati assolutamente.
Verbo essere: utilizzato con il significato di “esistere”, “esserci”, “trovarsi”, utilizzato ad esempio in frasi come: Il sole è in cielo; Maria è a Roma.
Verbo avere: utilizzato nel senso di “possedere”, “ottenere”, in frasi come: Avete preso il posto che vi spetta; In cantina ho una bottiglia di vino pregiata.
Leggi anche: Il verbo: caratteristiche, strutture e modi verbali
Verbo essere: quando è ausiliare, copula o passivo
Quando ci si trova di fronte a una forma verbale che contiene una voce del verbo essere bisogna fare attenzione perché non sempre si tratta di un verbo alla forma passiva. Ecco alcuni esempi:
- Maria è tornata: in questo caso il verbo essere svolge la voce di ausiliare, con il verbo tornare ed esprime un’azione compiuta dal soggetto. In questo caso la frase è attiva.
- Maria è malata: il verbo essere in questo caso collega il soggetto con l’aggettivo e ha funzione copulativa, anche in questo caso in un’espressione attiva.
- Maria è rimproverata: il verbo essere qui ha funzione di ausiliare del verbo rimproverare e in questo caso l’azione è subita dal soggetto. È quindi una frase passiva.
Ricorda quindi che:
- quando il verbo essere è ausiliare di un verbo intransitivo fa parte di un’espressione attiva;
- quando il verbo essere unisce il soggetto a un nome o a un aggettivo che gli si riferiscono fa parte di un’espressione attiva;
- quando il verbo essere è ausiliare di un verbo transitivo fa parte di un’espressione passiva.

Ricorda che quando ci si trova di fronte a una forma verbale che contiene una voce del verbo essere bisogna fare attenzione perché non sempre si tratta di un verbo alla forma passiva. quando il verbo essere è ausiliare di un verbo intransitivo fa parte di un’espressione attiva; quando il verbo essere unisce il soggetto a un nome o a un aggettivo che gli si riferiscono fa parte di un’espressione attiva; quando il verbo essere è ausiliare di un verbo transitivo fa parte di un’espressione passiva.
Leggi anche: Le diverse tipologie di verbi: copulativi, predicativi, servili, fraseologici e causativi
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