Cosa sono gli aggettivi indefiniti? Ecco le diverse categorie
In grammatica italiana l’aggettivo indefinito serve ad indicare in modo non specifico e generico quantità riferite al nome al quale si accompagnano. Frasi con aggettivi indefiniti sono ad esempio Alcuni ragazzi hanno partecipato alla festa / Ho qualche dubbio sulla spiegazione dell’insegnante.
Gli aggettivi indefiniti poi si suddividono in 4 categorie:
- aggettivi indefiniti singolativi: indicano una persona o una cosa come singolo, individuale (certi, qualche, altrui);
- aggettivi indefiniti collettivi: indicano un gruppo o un insieme di cose nella tua totalità (tutto, qualunque, ogni). Tra questi una forma particolare è cadauno, che ha un valore distributivo e viene utilizzato più nella forma scritta;
- aggettivi indefiniti quantitativi: indicano una quantità non precisata (poco, molti, troppi);
- aggettivi indefiniti negativi: danno alla frase un significato negativo (nessun, alcun).

L’aggettivo indefinito serve ad indicare in modo non specifico quantità riferite al nome al quale si accompagnano. Gli aggettivi indefiniti si suddividono in 4 categorie: aggettivi indefiniti singolativi, collettivi, quantitativi e negativi.
Gli aggettivi indefiniti più utilizzati in italiano
Quali sono gli aggettivi indefiniti che maggiormente utilizziamo? I più usati sono:
- ogni, qualche, qualunque, qualsiasi: si utilizzano sempre solo al singolare e sono aggettivi invariabili. Frasi con gli aggettivi indefiniti di questo genere sono: Sotto qualche banco era rimasto qualche quaderno / Ho visto qualche ragazzo in qualche locale in città.
- ciascuno, nessuno: anche questi aggettivi indefiniti si utilizzano solo al singolare ma hanno una forma per il maschile e una per il femminile, come nella frase Non ho nessuna voglia di uscire.
- Tutti gli aggettivi indefiniti elencati di seguito: alcuno, parecchio, taluno, vario, certo, diverso, altro, tale, molto, altrettanto, parecchio, alquanto, troppo, quanto, tutto, tanto, poco si concordano con il nome al quale si riferiscono. Esempi sono le nelle frasi: Alcune amiche sono partite per una vacanza. / Ho molti impegni e dovrò fare parecchi sforzi per portarli a termine.
Ecco alcune regole da ricordare:
- molto ha come comparativo più e come superlativo moltissimo;
- poco ha come comparativo meno e come superlativo pochissimo;
- tanto ha solo il superlativo tantissimo.
Leggi anche: Aggettivi dimostrativi e identificativi: cosa sono e come usarli in una frase in italiano
Aggettivi e pronomi indefiniti: qual è la differenza?
Così come gli aggettivi indefiniti, anche i pronomi indefiniti indicano in modo generico la quantità o la quantità delle persone o delle cose a cui si riferiscono. Ecco la lista di aggettivi usati come principali pronomi indefiniti : alcuno, nessuno, taluno, ciascuno, altro, tale, tutto, molto, poco, troppo, quanto, tanto, parecchio, alquanto, altrettanto, certo, diverso e vario.
Niente, nulla, alcunché, qualcuno, qualcosa, uno, ognuno, chiunque vengono invece utilizzati solo come pronomi indefiniti. Scopri invece l’utilizzo degli aggettivi interrogativi ed esclamativi cliccando qui.

Così come gli aggettivi indefiniti, anche i pronomi indefiniti indicano in modo generico la quantità o la quantità delle persone o delle cose a cui si riferiscono.
Leggi anche: Gli aggettivi possessivi: quali sono e come si classificano
Gli usi di alcuno e nessuno in analisi grammaticale
L’aggettivo nessuno, che in analisi grammaticale è un aggettivo indefinito, ha quasi sempre un significato negativo, che deriva dal latino e dalla negazione nec + unus. Se posto prima del verbo l’aggettivo indefinito nessuno non richiede la negazione come nella frase Nessun problema è sorto dopo la riunione.
Quando invece l’aggettivo nessuno si trova dopo il verbo ha sempre bisogno della negazione non e può anche essere sostituito da alcuno. Si può quindi dire Non abbiamo nessun problema così come Non abbiamo alcun problema.

L’aggettivo nessuno, ha quasi sempre un significato negativo. Se posto prima del verbo l’aggettivo indefinito nessuno non richiede la negazione. Quando invece l’aggettivo nessuno si trova dopo il verbo ha sempre bisogno della negazione “non” e può anche essere sostituito da “alcuno”.
Leggi anche: Gli aggettivi qualificativi: quali sono, struttura e gradazione
Altro: analisi grammaticale e uso nella lingua italiana
In analisi grammaticale altro è un aggettivo indefinito che assume significati diversi a seconda del contesto in cui è inserito. Può infatti indicare:
- ripetizione: Devo fare ancora molti altri compiti;
- rafforzativo: Voialtri non fare nulla tutto il giorno;
- diversità: Questa macchina è diversa dall’altra macchina;
- idea di futuro: Quell’altra settimana verranno i nonni in vacanza;
- idea di passato: L’altro anno siamo stati al mare con voi;
- novità: Dicono che il giovane attore diventerà un altro Alberto Sordi.
Leggi anche: Gli aggettivi: le caratteristiche e le funzioni
L’uso di certo e diverso nelle frasi in italiano
L’aggettivo indefinito certo assume diversi significati a seconda del contesto:
- Un certo può indicare “un tale” o “una certa quantità” o “una certa importanza”. Esempi sono le frasi: Un certo Matteo ti ha chiamato oggi. / Quel produttore produce film di un certo valore.
- Certi può anche significare “alcuni”, oppure “simili”, “tali”, o può anche essere utilizzato con il valore di rafforzativo, come nelle frasi È meglio che tu non frequenti certi amici. / Certe persone andrebbero evitate!
- Certo può essere un aggettivo indefinito con il significato di “tale” e viene collocato prima del nome a cui si riferisce. Un esempio è nella frase Certi tuoi ragionamenti proprio non li comprendo..
Inoltre può anche essere un aggettivo qualificativo, con il significato di evidente, chiaro, e viene collocato dopo il nome, come nella frase I miei sono ragionamenti certi. (cioè sicuri, che in questo caso è un aggettivo qualificativo).
Così come certo, anche diverso viene utilizzato come aggettivo indefinito, se posto prima del nome, come nella frase: Ho in mente diverse idee. O ancora può avere valore di aggettivo qualificativo, se posto dopo il nome, come nella frase: Ho in mente idee diverse.

L’aggettivo indefinito certo assume diversi significati a seconda del contesto. Inoltre può anche essere un aggettivo qualificativo, con il significato di evidente, chiaro, e viene collocato dopo il nome. Così come certo, anche diverso viene utilizzato come aggettivo indefinito, se posto prima del nome. O ancora può avere valore di aggettivo qualificativo, se posto dopo il nome.
Leggi anche: Gli aggettivi numerali: i cardinali, gli ordinali e le altre categorie
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