Troncamento ed elisione: cosa sono e quando si usano
L’elisione è la caduta della vocale finale di una parola quando la parola successiva inizia per vocale. Il segno grafico che in italiano utilizziamo per indicare l’elisione è l’apostrofo.
Il troncamento invece è la caduta di una vocale o di una sillaba alla fine di una parola quando quella che segue inizia per vocale o per consonante. Il troncamento non necessita di nessun segno grafico.
La differenza tra elisione e troncamento consiste quindi nell’utilizzo o meno di un segno grafico (‘) di riconoscimento.
Il troncamento inoltre:
- può avvenire anche davanti a consonante (Buon Natale, gran premio);
- può essere fatto soltanto in parole che una volta troncate terminano con l,r,m,n precedute da vocale (quel, suor, buon ecc..)
- comporta a volta la caduta dell’intera sillaba finale (bel campione, san Pietro).
L’uso dell’apostrofo in alcune parole che hanno il troncamento è però necessario. Ecco le forme particolari:
- po’ – poco: Dammi un po’ di pane;
- mo’ – modo: A mo’ di esempio;
- ca’ – casa: c’è una mostra a Ca’ Fasari;
- da’ – dai / fa’ – fai;
- di’ – parla / sta’ – stai;
- va’ – vai / to’ – prendi.

L’elisione è la caduta della vocale finale di una parola quando la parola successiva inizia per vocale. Il segno grafico che in italiano utilizziamo per indicare l’elisione è l’apostrofo.
Leggi anche: Gruppi vocalici: dittonghi, trittonghi e iato
Regole da ricordare in caso di elisione o troncamento
Per non sbagliare nell’utilizzo di elisione o troncamento ecco alcune regole utili:
- uno, alcuno, nessuno, ciascuno si troncano davanti a nomi maschili (un amico, alcun abitante, nessun uomo, ciascun cittadino)
- frate e suora si troncano davanti a nome proprio in fra, davanti a consonante, e in suor, in tutti i casi (fra Cristoforo, suor Agnese, suor Gelinda)
- tale e quale non si apostrofano mai, ma si troncano in tal e qual anche al femminile (tal erede, qual allegria)
- signore, dottore, mare si troncano davanti a vocale o consonante maiuscola (signor Augusto, dottor Frescobaldi, mar Tirreno)
- bello, quello, santo, grande, si troncano preferibilmente in bel, quel, san, gran davanti a parole che iniziano per consonante (bel cane, quel vestito, san Gennaro, gran confusione)
- buono: si tronca buon davanti a nomi maschili (buon angelo,buon anno, buon compleanno)
- davanti a gn, s impura, ps, s, x il troncamento non avviene (alcun giorno, grande specchio, quello psicologo, bello zaino, uno xilofono).

Il troncamento è la caduta di una vocale o di una sillaba alla fine di una parola quando quella che segue inizia per vocale o per consonante. Il troncamento non necessita di nessun segno grafico.
Leggi anche: Avverbi: cosa sono, quali sono le diverse forme e le risposte ai dubbi più frequenti
Con o senza l’apostrofo? Quando è obbligatorio, vietato o facoltativo
L’apostrofo è obbligatorio:
- con gli articoli lo, la, una e le preposizioni articolate che li contengono (l’universo, l’uva, un’amica, dell’acqua); ma l’articolo un e i suoi composti non si apostrofo mai (un amico, qualcun altro);
- con gli imperativi di alcuni verbi (da’, fa’, di’, sta’, va’, to’);
- davanti a numeri la cui pronuncia inizia per vocale (l’8 marzo);
- con quello, bello, santo seguiti da vocale (quell’affare, bell’uomo, sant’Antonio);
- in alcune forme fisse (senz’altro, quand’ecco, tutt’altro, tutt’al più);
- per indicare gli anni (anni ’30);
- con l’avverbio ci davanti alle forme del verbo essere che iniziano per vocale (c’è, c’era);
L’apostrofo è vietato:
- con gli, agli, degli e gli aggettivi dimostrativi plurali (gli orsi, agli emigranti, degli alberi, quegli elefanti, quelle uova);
- con i pronomi personali le, li (le avvisammo, li interrogammo);
- con la preposizione da (da eseguire, da operare), ma fanno eccezione d’altronde, d’accordo, d’altra parte, d’allora, d’ora in poi);
- con la particella ci seguita dalle vocali a,o,u (ci amiamo, ci occorre, ci uccisero);
- con articoli, aggettivi e preposizioni articolate seguite da parole che iniziano con io, jo, ie, iu, ia, yo (lo iodio, lo Jonio, la iena, lo iato, la iuta, lo yogurt);
L’apostrofo è facoltativo:
- con le particelle mi, ti, vi, si, ne (m’alletta, t’aspetto, v’erano, s’accorse, ce n’è);
- con la preposizione di (d’estate, d’acqua, d’indipendenza)
- con i pronomi lo, la (l’aspettammo, l’arrestarono);
- con l’avverbio o congiunzione come (com’è andata?)
Leggi anche: Figure retoriche di suono, di ordine e di significato: cosa sono e come si classificano
Come si scrive? Le risposte ai dubbi più frequenti nell’uso dell’apostrofo
Dopo aver letto tutte le regole grammaticali sull’uso dell’apostrofo e quando usare il troncamento e l’elisione, ecco alcune risposte ai dubbi più frequenti.
- Come si scrive finora o fin ora? Spesso nasce il dubbio su come si scriva questa parola. Bene, la risposta corretta è finora (a meno che non si voglia ovviare al dubbio scrivendo fino ad ora). In ogni caso la soluzione è corretta è quella che vi abbiamo indicato perché si tratta di una univerbazione, l’unione di due parole.
- Qual era o qual’era? La grafia giusta in questo caso (come in qual è) è qual era. In questo caso quindi si attua un troncamento e non di un’elisione, anche se in molti sono portati a scrivere qual’era (cosi come qual’è), ovviamente cadendo in errore.
- L’apostrofo poi viene utilizzato per gli articoli indeterminativi nel caso in cui la parola successiva sia femminile.
Scriveremo quindi un’altra con l’apostrofo (essendo la parola altra femminile), mentre un incontro senza apostrofo (poiché incontro è un nome maschile)
Leggi anche: Locuzioni avverbiali: cosa sono e come si classificano
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