Le varie popolazioni del continente americano
Durante la glaciazione del 14000 a.C. il continente americano si popolò, quando i cacciatori nomadi della Siberia asiatica attraversarono lo stretto di Bering che divideva l’Asia dall’America. Questi popoli si stanziarono lungo il continente e specie nelle regioni centro meridionali si formarono le civiltà di Maya, Aztechi e Inca. Questi furono definite dagli storici civiltà precolombiane perché nate prima dell’arrivo di Colombo in America. Il popolo precolombiano praticava l’agricoltura e l’allevamento e pian piano iniziava a sviluppare anche una forma rudimentale di artigianato. Non conoscevano la ruota e il ferro ma erano abili nella costruzione di grandi opere pubbliche. Si devono a questi popoli precolombiani le piramidi mesoamericane, piramidi a gradoni con in cima templi dedicati agli dei e ai sovrani.
I Maya: la civiltà più antica d’America
I popoli Maya si stanziarono nei territori a sud del Messico nella seconda metà del II millennio a.C. raggiungendo l’apice dello sviluppo tra il IV e il X secolo, occupando la penisola dello Yucatán. Il territorio maya era organizzato in 300 città-Stato, con centri religiosi nei quali vivevano i sacerdoti e dove i contadini si recavano per portare le offerte agli dei e assistere alle cerimonie religiose.
La città più importante era Tikál, nell’attuale Guatemala.
Il capo della società dei Maya era il sommo sacerdote che aveva anche poteri politici e giudiziari. Il ceto nobiliare si occupava di controllare i terreni e riscuotere i tributi dai contadini, che formavano gran parte della società, dedita anche all’allevamento. L’impero Maya è ricordato per aver avuto grandi conoscenze matematiche e astronomiche. Possedevano un sistema di scrittura formato da ideogrammi (simboli grafici che rappresentano un concetto) ed erano politeisti. Tra le diverse divinità venerate c’erano quelli con sembianze vegetali, animali o umane.
Il declino della civiltà dei Maya iniziò nel XIII secolo, quando iniziò ad affermarsi nelle zone dei Maya gli Aztechi.
Leggi anche: Il Rinascimento: storia e caratteristiche del movimento culturale
Gli Aztechi, il popolo guerriero
A partire dal XIV secolo in Messico arrivarono gli Aztechi, popolazione nomade proveniente dal Nord America, che in poco tempo conquistarono il Messico centrale e alcune zone del Guatemala, ponendo fine all’impero dei Maya.
Nella metà del XIV secolo questa popolazione fondò la città di Tenochtitlán, capitale dell’impero degli Aztechi, sulla cartina l’odierno Messico.
L’imperatore era la massima autorità politica, mentre i nobili esercitavano i poteri militare e religioso, si occupavano dell’amministrazione e possedevano le terre coltivate dai contadini. Nella parte più bassa della società poi c’erano gli schiavi, prigionieri di guerra o colpevoli di grandi delitti.
L’economia del popolo Azteco si basava sull’agricoltura, specie sulla coltivazione di mais. Nella capitale e nelle altre città conquistate poi vi erano floridi commerci di prodotti come oro, legno o artigianato locale.
Gli Aztechi erano dediti soprattutto alla guerra, indispensabile per conquistare nuovi territori dai quali riscuotere tributi per mantenere florida la corte dove vivevano nobili e sacerdoti.
I tributi consistevano in oro, gioielli e spesso anche in uomini, destinati ai sacrifici umani. Proprio gli uomini da sacrificare venivano utilizzati dai sacerdoti per placare l’ira degli dei o scongiurare catastrofi naturali.
Tra le divinità del secondo dei popoli precolombiani c’era Quetzalcoatl, la più importante delle divinità azteche, il dio serpente piumato. Era venerato come un il dio del vento, del pianeta Venere, della conoscenza e dell’alba.
Leggi anche: L’Umanesimo: definizioni e caratteristiche di un periodo di rinascita
Gli Inca: la popolazione dell’America meridionale
La civiltà Inca si sviluppò in America meridionale, tra la costa del Pacifico e le Ande. Per questo motivo le popolazioni inca sono definite dagli storici popoli andini. Il termine Inca, invece deriva dal nome con cui era chiamato il sovrano.
La capitale dell’Impero era Cuzco, l’attuale Perù ma i territori degli Inca erano sterminati. Comprendevano l’attuale Ecuador, il Perù, la zona occidentale della Bolivia e la zona settentrionale del Cile.
L’imperatore aveva poteri politici, militari e religiosi e la famiglia reale si occupava di fornire i capi militari e i sacerdoti. I nobili erano o discendenti degli Inca originari o figli dei capi dei popoli sottomessi, tenuti in ostaggio dal sovrano. Ai contadini invece spettava coltivare le terre e gran parte dei prodotti coltivati era riservata alla corte. Inoltre i contadini erano obbligati a combattere e fornire gratuitamente prestazioni di lavoro per costruire opere pubbliche come strade o ponti. Gli Inca infatti erano abili ingegneri oltre che agricoltori efficienti. Loro utilizzavano il guano, un fertilizzante naturale che si trovava sulla costa, formato dal deposito di escrementi di uccelli, ottimo concime. La coltura più diffusa era quella della patata e il lama era l’animale più allevato.
Gli Inca non conoscevano la scrittura e per trasmettere informazioni o contare utilizzavano delle cordicelle colorate. La loro religione si basava sul culto dell’imperatore, figlio de dio Sole e quindi egli stesso un Dio.
Leggi anche: Date, mappe concettuali, video e schemi riassuntivi, per aiutarti a fissare al meglio i concetti di storia.
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