Le proposizioni condizionali: quali sono e a cosa servono?
Prima di poter parlare del periodo ipotetico è bene introdurre il ruolo della proposizione condizionale come subordinata.
La proposizione condizionale indica la condizione o l’ipotesi che serve affinché si verifichi quanto detto nella reggente.
Un esempio è:
- Se in montagna nevicherà, potremo sciare per tutte le vacanze natalizie.
In questa frase l’azione espressa nella reggente (potremo sciare per tutte le vacanze natalizie) si potrà realizzare solo se si verificherà l’ipotesi o la condizione necessaria nella subordinata (Se in montagna nevicherà).
Forme e modi verbali per le subordinate condizionali
Le proposizioni condizionali possono avere forma esplicita o implicita.
- Ha la forma implicita quando ha il verbo al modo indicativo o congiuntivo ed è introdotta dalle congiunzioni o locuzioni come qualora, nel caso che, a patto che ecc.
- Ha la forma implicita quando ha il verbo al modo infinito preceduto dalla preposizione a o dal gerundio o participio passato, preceduto da se. La forma implicita è possibile solo quando la proposizione condizionale ha lo stesso soggetto della reggente.
Leggi anche: Proposizione consecutiva: cosa indica e quali sono le forme di subordinate?
Il periodo ipotetico: quando si usa e come si forma?
La proposizione condizionale detta protasi (premessa) è collegata alla proposizione reggente detta apodosi (conseguenza). La protasi e l’apodosi insieme formano il periodo ipotetico, periodo che viene utilizzato nella grammatica italiana per esprimere un’azione da cui deriva una conseguenza.
Leggi anche: La proposizione interrogativa indiretta: forme e regole
Quanti tipi di periodi ipotetici esistono?
Secondo il significato nella grammatica italiana esistono tre diversi periodi ipotetici.
- Periodo ipotetico della realtà: si ha quando la premessa e la conseguenza sono date come certe. Il verbo è all’indicativo (o imperativo) sia nella protasi che nell’apodosi o quando è introdotto da qualora, nel caso che, nell’ipotesi che, la protasi può avere il verbo al congiuntivo presente.
Frasi ipotetiche della realtà sono: Se spegni la luce non vedremo più niente. / Se non vuoi aspettarmi va’ pure. - Periodo ipotetico della possibilità: si ha quando la premessa e la conseguenza sono presentate come possibili e realizzabili ma non certe. In questo caso il verbo della protasi è al congiuntivo imperfetto e quello dell’apodosi è al condizionale presente o imperativo.
Frasi ipotetiche della possibilità sono: Se domani arrivasse Giulio sarei felice. / Se telefonasse Giulio, avvertitemi.
Periodo ipotetico dell’irrealtà: si ha quando la premessa e la conseguenza sono irrealizzabili perché l’ipotesi è contraria alla realtà o perché si riferisce a un’azione passata che pertanto non può più essere modificata. In questo caso il verbo della protasi è al congiuntivo imperfetto o trapassato e nell’apodosi ci sono un condizionale presente o passato.
Il periodo ipotetico dell’irrealtà è nelle frasi: Se tutti i giorni in cielo non ci fosse il Sole, sulla terra cesserebbe la vita./ Se non avessi fatto quell’ultimo errore, avrei preso la sufficienza nel compito.
Leggi anche: Coordinazione e subordinazione: regole per riconoscere le proposizioni principali e reggenti
Indicativo, congiuntivo e condizionale nel periodo ipotetico
I periodi ipotetici in italiano vengono costruiti con tre modi verbali: l’indicativo, il congiuntivo e il condizionale.
Oggi è sempre più frequente l’uso dell’indicativo nelle proposizioni subordinate al posto del congiuntivo, più corretto. Così capita di poter dire: Se correvi, arrivavi in tempo al posto della frase corretta: Se avessi corso, saresti arrivato in tempo.
Nella lingua scritta però è bene conservare l’uso dei modi verbali previsto dalle regole grammaticali.
- Non si dice Se cantavi meglio vincevi la gara.
- Si dice: Se avessi cantato meglio avresti vinto la gara.
Quando poi si costruisce una frase con se si possono usare solo i modi indicativo e congiuntivo.
- Non si dice Se lo saprei te lo direi. / Se l’avrei saputo te l’avrei detto.
- Ma si dice Se lo sapessi te lo direi. / Se lo avessi saputo te lo avrei detto.

I periodi ipotetici in italiano vengono costruiti con tre modi verbali: l’indicativo, il congiuntivo e il condizionale. Oggi è sempre più frequente l’uso dell’indicativo nelle proposizioni subordinate al posto del congiuntivo, più corretto. Quando poi si costruisce una frase con se si possono usare solo i modi indicativo e congiuntivo.
Leggi anche: Proposizioni subordinate: cosa sono e come si formano
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